2004 Kessler, Mickelson, and Williams 1999 Williams, Yu, and Jackson 1997), labor market discrimination ( Pager 2003 Pager, Western, and Bonikowski 2009), and racial bias in medical settings ( MacIntosh et al. This interactive theoretical perspective has been further confirmed by empirical research on perceived discrimination ( Barnes et al. More specifically, race ‘happens’ in the context of social interactions wherein observed phenotypic characteristics shape differential treatment, and privilege access to resources and opportunities ( Emirbayer 1997 Stewart 2008a). Recent research in social science suggests that a key underlying mechanism of racial health disparities occurs in social interaction. Although socioeconomic status (SES) covaries with these disparities in vital functions, the responsible social and biological mechanisms remain poorly understood ( Zuberi, Patterson, and Stewart 2015). In 2011, for example, mortality data show that a black newborn is 2.3 times more likely to die in the first year of life and 1.5 times more likely to die before the age of 65 than their white counterpart ( Arias 2015). Research on mortality consistently shows that blacks in the United States (U.S.) live less healthy and much shorter lives than their similarly situated white counterparts ( Hayward and Heron 1999 Rogers, Hummer, and Nam 2000 Williams 1997).
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